«
»

Bernoulli’s principle

January 2nd, 2012 . Posted in Classical physicsNo Comments »
Tags: , ,

       The law of conservation of mechanical energy for liquids and gases is a special kind formulated by Bernoulli. Let’s consider the conclusion of the law on the example of an ideal incompressible fluid. The ideal liquid is such liquid in which the internal friction can be ignored,  the incompressible liquid  is a liquid whose density is independent of pressure.

     Let’s consider the liquid in which the velocity of each point is independent of time. Such fluid flow is called the steady stream. The line whose tangent at each point coincides with the direction of fluid flow velocity at this point is called the current line. The surface formed by the current lines drawn through all the points of a closed loop is called the tube of the current. Part of the fluid flow, limited by the tube of the current, is called the jet. A preliminary step to display the Bernoulli equation is the equation of continuity.

The equation of  continuity 

 Let’s consider the elementary portion of the liquid jet, which is limited to two normal sections with squares S_1 and S_2 (fig.1). The flow velocity in cross sections S_1 and S_2 are, respectively v_1 и v_2. In a steady stream of liquid mass flowing per time, dt through a cross-section of  S_1 is equal to the weight of the liquid flowing in the same time through the section S_2: m_1=m_2. Given that m_1= \rho v_1 S_1 dt, m_2 = \rho v_2 S_2 dt,  we get:

v_1S_1 = v_2S_2            (1).

Equation (1) is called the equation of continuity.

Fig.1. The tube of current

Bernoulli’s principle 

To move the fluid present in the volume of v_1S_1dt to the volume of v_2S_2dt pressure forces do the work

A=p_1S_1v_1dt-p_2S_2v_2dt=(p_1-p_2)\Delta V   (2)

The work of the pressure forces is equal to the increment of the total energy of the selected volume of  the liquid:

\Delta E = (\frac {\rho\Delta Vv_2^2} {2} + \rho \Delta Vgh_2) - (\frac {\rho \Delta Vv_1^2} {2} + \rho \Delta Vgh_1)   (3)

Comparing equations (2) and (3), we receive after elementary transformations:

\frac {\rho v_1^2} {2} + \rho gh_1 + p_1 = \frac {\rho v_2^2} {2} + \rho gh_2 + p_2 (4)

This equation is called Bernoulli’s principle.

If both sections of the current tube are at the same height, the equation becomes simpler form:

\frac{\rho v_1^2}{2}+p_1 = \frac{\rho v_2^2}{2}+p_2 (5)

       Visualization of (5) and the continuity equation.

(The information has been taken from the e-book «Fundamentals of classical physics” (author V.D. Shvets), which was published in 2007 by “1C-Multimedia Ukraine” publishing company. Copyright is reserved by certificate Number 55955 from 06.08.2014. More information can be found at https://ipood-kiev.academia.edu/ValentynaShvets/Books ).

Leave a Reply